Subject 1: Programming Techniques

Subject 1: Programming Techniques

Program is a set of instructions executed by a computer which can perform a specific task.
Why we need Programs?
When we want to find out a solution of any problem with the help of any machine. Then we have to communicate with the machine. As human and machine both understand different languages. Human understand and express everything in Natural Language and Machine understand only Machine Language. Then we have to  specify few instructions for a machine, these set of instructions are known as Programs.

Diagram 1:

Program is a actually a method of doing something. It is derived from Algorithms.

Algorithm: An Algorithm is a step by step procedure of doing some task. Algorithm is simply a method of doing something in just English Language.

For Example: Algorithm to Print Welcome Message

 Step 1: Start
 Step 2: Print "Welcome to My Blog"
 Step 3: Stop

    In an Algorithm, the First step is always Start and Last step is always Stop, Rest of the Steps are in between both.

Flow Chart: Flow Chart is a Graphical Representation of the an Algorithm. There are few symbols used is Flow Chart to represent the various steps of Algorithm.

Diagram 2:

Example of Flow Chart.

Diagram 3:

Programming Techniques:  When we perform all these methods to solve a problem uisng any systematic manner, we use some tools for make an effective program. These tools are known as Programming Tools and Techniques.

1. Machine Codes:
 Lowest level of programming paradigms are machine codes, which directly represents the instructions as a sequence of numbers (0 and 1).

2. Procedural Programming Technique:
 The next advancement was the development of  Procedural Programming Languages. These are described as Third generation Languages. It includes
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language),
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation),
PL/I (Programming Language/ One),
ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language),
BASIC (Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instructions Code) and
C language.

3. Structured Programming Technique:
 The aim of this programming technique is to improved the clarity, quality and development time of a computer program by making extensive use of sub-programs, block structures, for and while loops etc.
 For example: ALGOL 60

4. Modular Programming:
 When A complete program is divided into different independent modules, this approach is known as Modular Programming Technique. A complete program is divided into different components, Each component can coded independently. The aim of modular programming is to make ease of coding, clear and precise the program.

5. Object Oriented Programming Technique:
 When Programming is implemented fro Real world Entities, the we use the concept of Object Oriented Programming Techniques.
Objects are Real world Entities.
Class is a category.
 For example: Student is a Category exists in Real World, Then Student is a class.
                         Shubham is a Student, Here, Shubham is exist in real world, He is an object( which exist in Real world) belong to the Category of Student;

The Object Oriented Programming are:
C++
Smalltalk
Simula
C#
PHP
JAVA

 JAVA is known as Truely Object Oriented Programming Technique.